| Subject | Contents |
| Definition | Gastric cancers are malignancies of the stomach.
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| Alternative Names | Cancer - stomach; Stomach cancer; Gastric carcinoma |
| Causes, incidence, and risk factors | Several different types of cancer can occur in the stomach. The most common type is called adenocarcinoma, which refers to the way the cancer looks under the microscope. There are several types of adenocarcinoma. Other types of gastric cancer occur much less frequently so this article is focused on adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is a common cancer of the digestive tract worldwide, although it is relatively uncommon in the US. It occurs most frequently in men over 40 years old. The incidence of this form of gastric cancer is extremely high in Japan, Chile, and Iceland. The incidence of most types of gastric adenocarcinoma in the US has declined over the years. Experts propose that the decrease may be related to reduced intake of salted, cured, and smoked foods and increased vitamin C consumption. However, the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the proximal parts of the stomach (the gastric cardia and gastroesophageal junction, where the stomach meets the esophagus) has increased markedly, along with an increase in cancers of the lower esophagus. The reason for this increase is unknown.
Diagnosis is often delayed by the absence of symptoms in early disease or by self-treatment of symptoms, some of which are common to other, less serious gastrointestinal disorders (bloating, gas, and a sense of fullness).
Risk factors for gastric cancer are a family history of gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection, blood type A, a personal history of pernicious anemia , a history of chronic atrophic gastritis , a condition of decreased gastric acid , and a prior history of adenomatous gastric polyp. |
| Symptoms | a loss of appetite difficulty swallowing , particularly difficulty that increases over time vague abdominal fullness nausea and vomitingvomiting bloodabdominal pain excessive belchingbreath odor excessive gas (flatus) weight loss a decline in general health abdominal fullness prematurely after meals |
| Signs and tests | an upper GI series showing gastric cancer an EGD ( esophagogastroduodenoscopy ) and biopsy showing gastric cancer a CBC showing anemia (although there are many other reasons for anemia) a stool test positive for concealed blood |
| Treatment | Surgical removal of the stomach ( gastrectomy ) is the only curative treatment. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be beneficial. A recent study showed that for many patients, chemotherapy and radiation therapy given after surgery improve the chance of being cured. This For patients in whom surgery is not an option, chemotherapy or radiation can improve symptoms. For some patients, a surgical bypass procedure may provide relief of symptoms. |
| Support Groups | The stress of illness can often be helped by joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems. See cancer - support group and gastrointestinal disorders - support group . |
| Expectations (prognosis) | There is a wide variation in prognosis of gastric tumors. Tumors in the distal (away from the center) stomach are more often cured than those in the gastric cardia or gastroesophageal junction. The depth to which the tumor invades the stomach wall and whether lymph nodes are involved influence the likelihood of cure. In circumstances in which the tumor has spread outside of the stomach, cure is not possible and treatment is directed toward improvement of symptoms. |
| Complications | cancer spreading (metastasizing) to other organs or tissues weight loss fluid accumulating in the belly (ascites) |
| Calling your health care provider | Call your health care provider if symptoms of gastric cancer develop.
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| Prevention | In Japan, where the risk of gastric cancer is very high, mass screening programs have been successful in detecting disease in the early stages. The value of screening in the US and other countries with lower rates of gastric cancer is not clear. Avoiding smoking can reduce risk.
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